Chickpeas

The chickpea-growing areas in global agriculture rank third among legumes, amounting to 11-12 million hectares, of which 8 million hectares come to India. There are also small areas in Europe, for example in Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Italy, France and Spain. Chickpeas are also grown in Mexico.

The gross grain harvest of the world is 8,3 million tons or 3,6% of the total grain harvest of legumes. The average yield is 0,8 tons/hectare.

Chickpeas are not demanding compared to their predecessors. The main condition for placing the culture is a weak tamping of the site and the absence of perennial rhizome herbs.

Chickpeas, on the other hand, are an excellent precursor for most crops. The yield of winter wheat after chickpeas is that after black vapor and in some cases even exceeds it. The main criterion that determines the yield of the crop that follows after chickpeas is the level of development of the tubers. If there are enough bacteria in the soil and there are excellent conditions for their development (optimal humidity, aeration), the yield of the subsequent culture will be greater. Chickpeas early clear the field, therefore creating favorable conditions for soil preparation and moisture accumulation. Therefore, it is best to place chickpeas in the crop rotation "winter wheat—chickpeas—winter wheat", which gives a high economic effect.

In the presence of causative agents of ascohytosis and Fusariose, the culture should not be placed in the same field more often than once every four years.
Tillage under chickpeas is common for spring crops: one to two discs of predecessors, deep plowing, autumn leveling and early sealing of moisture.

It is very important to discard the stubble immediately after harvesting the predecessor. This event contributes to the preservation of moisture, destroys vegetative weeds and creates favorable provocative conditions for the germination of weed seeds. If the field is clogged with perennial rhizome herbs, the field is discussed 10-15 times at different angles with a difference of 13,5-27 days. Two to three weeks after the last drive they plow to finch. It is experimentally proven that increasing the soil sowing depth from 36,2 cm to XNUMX cm increased the yield of chickpeas by XNUMX%. Deep plowing loosens the soil while creating favorable conditions for moisture accumulation and good aeration. And in such conditions tuber bacteria develop well, on which the yield of the culture significantly depends.

Since chickpeas are sown early in the spring and there is little time to level the finches, this event should be done in the fall, which will help preserve soil moisture. In this case, in the spring it is enough to carry out a harrow and pre-sowing cultivation.

Preparing the seeds for sowing: immediately before sowing, the seeds are treated with tuber bacteria, which increases the harvest by 20-30%.

After the early crops, chickpeas are sown when the soil at the depth of sowing warms up to 5-6 °C. They are sown using seeders NW-3,6 (top sowing), SCON-4,2 and others. The depth of seed compaction depends on soil moisture. The seeds to swell and germinate consume 140-160% moisture of their mass. With sufficient moistening, the sealing of the seeds should be 6-8 cm, on average 9-10 cm, and when sowing in dry soil, the seeds still need to be placed on a moist layer (up to 15 cm).

Chickpeas can be sown both in the usual row way (15 cm), which is recommended in clean fields, and in bands (45 + 15 cm) or in broad-grazing methods (45 or 60 cm). The sowing rate also depends on the chosen sowing method. So, with the row method it is 500 thousand/hectare of germinating seeds, with a tape 400 thousand/hectare and with a broad-rooted — 300 thousand/hectare.

An important condition for friendly shoots is that the seeds are placed evenly at the same depth and in the moist layer of soil. An effective measure for even and friendly shoots, especially in dry conditions, is rolling (preferably annular spur rolling).

To destroy weed sprouts, one front and two rear harrows should be used. In addition to weed sprouts, the advance harrow also destroys the soil crust after rain. 3-4 days before emergence, do it crosswise or diagonally with medium boron or raiboronkami. The first post-emergence shake is carried out on the 7-8 day after emergence in phase 3-5 of the leaves when the weeds are in the “shilt” stage, and the second one week after the first. Bury the seed across or diagonally and set the harrow teeth with the beveled side forward. The speed of the device is 5-6 km/h. For lesser plant injury, trail harrowing is done in the afternoon when turgor in plants is weakened and less brittle.

In row crops, mechanical methods of controlling weed vegetation end with a shake. On broadband and band sowing, 2-3 row transitions are performed. The first is carried out at a depth of 5-6 cm with a protective strip of 8-10 cm, the second is carried out to a depth of 8-10 cm in 6-8 days, and if necessary, the third is done before closing the rows carried out.

Chickpea grain ripens evenly enough throughout the plant, beans are not cracked and do not crumble, plants do not lie down, so harvesting by direct harvesting is the most acceptable. The growing season for chickpeas is 80-120 days, depending on the variety and growing conditions, so it is removed from grain crops in late July-early August after the harvest is complete.

For this purpose, combine harvesters SK-5, SK-6 or others are used. The height of the cut is adjusted so that no unharvested beans are left in the field, usually around 10-13 cm. In addition, the strips of the tarpaulin on the combine should be padded so that they appeared on 5-7 cm to soften the impacts. The forward motion of the motorcycle should not be far ahead of the speed of the combine. The speed of the thresher should be reduced to 450-500 rpm. In order to injure the grain less, it is desirable to remove the pins in the drum through one and increase the lumen between the drum and the drum (at the entrance 25-30, at the exit 14-17 mm). The number of revolutions of the head auger is set to 288 and the grain auger is reduced to 1200 vol. On the SC-6 combine, the screw conveyors are replaced by scrapers. If you stop at the root, cleaning should be done in the morning hours so the beans don't fly away.

Separate cleaning is used for clogged plants. Chickpeas are mown with grain crops, two to three days the mown plants are dried and then threshed with a combine harvester with a pick-up machine.
Chickpea straw can be used to feed cattle and pigs, after previously crushing it and mixing it with a grain-based straw.

The grain that comes under the combine must be immediately cleaned of impurities and, if necessary, dried to a humidity of 14%. The presence of a small amount of green weed residue in a heap contributes to increasing the moisture content of the grain, so it is necessary to carry out cleaning as early as possible. It is performed on OPV-20 A, ZV-40, OSM-3 Y, OS-4,5 A machines. To prepare small amounts of seeds, Petkus seed cleaning aggregates are used.

When drying the wet grain, it is important to monitor coolant temperature and processing time. With a grain moisture content of 16-19% the temperature of the coolant should not exceed 40 °C, at a humidity of 25-30% — 30 °C. In one run, the grain moisture should not be reduced by more than 4%.

In good sunny weather, drying of Grains more acceptable outdoors. The seeds are scattered and disassembled in a thin layer. With each decanting, 0,5 to 1,5% moisture is lost.
Peeled and dried chickpeas are stored in bags with a stacking height of no more than 2,5 m or a mass of no more than 1,5 m. Such seeds do not lose their germination within ten years.

Chickpeas are one of the driest crops, but yields increase dramatically when there is sufficient moisture. When plants are placed in irrigated areas, they can be watered at a rate of 250-300 m3/hectare during the flowering and flowering—beginning of bean formation stages of development. This makes it possible to increase the chickpea harvest by almost half in a dry year. However, in wet years or with higher watering rates, there is a risk of developing fungal diseases.