Wheat

Kazakhstan

• Kazakhstanskaya 10: A winter wheat variety developed in Kazakhstan, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Almatinskaya 2: A winter wheat variety grown in the southern region of Kazakhstan, known for its good yield and storage stability.
• Astana 1: A winter wheat variety grown in the northern region of Kazakhstan, known for its high yield and good cold resistance.
• Taldykorganskaya 2: A winter wheat variety grown in the eastern region of Kazakhstan, known for its good yield and disease resistance.

Ukraine

• Kiyivska 3: A winter wheat variety grown in central Ukraine, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Poltavchanka 1: A winter wheat variety grown in eastern Ukraine, known for its good yield and storage stability.
• Odesskaya 2: A winter wheat variety grown in the southern region of Ukraine, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Kharkivs'ka 3: A winter wheat variety grown in the northeastern region of Ukraine, known for its good yield and resistance to cold temperatures.

Eastern Europe

• Polan 1: A winter wheat variety grown in Poland, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Zygmunt 1: A winter wheat variety grown in Poland, known for its good yield and storage stability.
• Bohemia 1: A winter wheat variety grown in the Czech Republic, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Danae 1: A winter wheat variety grown in Hungary, known for its good yield and storage stability.
• Trakia: A winter wheat variety widespread in Eastern Europe, known for its high yield and good disease resistance.
• Kordilera: A variety of winter wheat grown in Russia, Ukraine and Eastern Europe, known for its high yield and good storage stability.
• Flamura: A winter wheat variety grown in Russia, Ukraine and Eastern Europe, known for its good yield and disease resistance.
• Akcent: A winter wheat variety grown in Russia, Ukraine and Eastern Europe, known for its high yield and good storage stability.

Main features of wheat cultivation in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Eastern Europe

Russia

• Largest Wheat Producer: Russia is the world's largest wheat producer, accounting for about 15% of global production.
• Wheat growing areas: Wheat is grown in the southern regions of Russia, including the Rostov, Volgograd and Krasnodar regions, as well as in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
• Dominant crop: Wheat is the most important crop in Russia, covering about 20% of the country's arable land.
• Irrigation: Irrigation is widely used in Russian wheat production, especially in the southern regions.
• Yields: Average wheat yields in Russia are around 2,5-3,5 tons per hectare.
• Exports: Russia is a major exporter of wheat, with most exports going to countries in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Kazakhstan

• Major Crop: Wheat is an important crop in Kazakhstan, accounting for about 20% of the country's agricultural production.
• Growing areas: Wheat is grown in the northern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan, including Akmola, North Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan provinces.
• Rainfed farming: Wheat production in Kazakhstan is largely rainfed, with limited use of irrigation.
• Yields: Average wheat yields in Kazakhstan are around 1,5-2,5 tons per hectare.
• Exports: Kazakhstan is a major wheat exporter, with most exports going to countries in the CIS region, including Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

Ukraine

• Major producer: Ukraine is a major producer of wheat and is among the top ten producers in the world.
• Growing areas: Wheat is grown in the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, including Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhia provinces.
• Black soil: The black soil (chernozem) of Ukraine is very fertile and suitable for wheat production.
• Yields: Average wheat yields in Ukraine are around 3,5-4,5 tons per hectare.
• Exports: Ukraine is a major exporter of wheat, with most exports going to countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.

Eastern Europe

• Diverse production: Wheat production in Eastern Europe is diverse, with countries such as Poland, Hungary and Romania being significant producers.
• Growing areas: Wheat is grown in various regions of Eastern Europe, including the Polish Plain, the Hungarian Plain and the Romanian Danube Plain.
• Variable Climate: The climate in Eastern Europe is variable, with some countries having a continental climate and others having a more temperate climate.
• Yields: Average wheat yields in Eastern Europe vary from country to country and range from around 2,5 to 5,5 tonnes per hectare.
• EU membership: Many Eastern European countries are members of the European Union, which has led to improved market access and competitiveness in wheat production.

Common features of wheat cultivation in these regions are:

• Climate: Wheat production in these regions is influenced by the continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.
• Soil: Soil types in these regions are generally fertile, with black earth (chernozem) predominant in Ukraine and Russia.
• Irrigation: Irrigation is used in some regions, particularly Russia and Kazakhstan, to supplement rainfall.
• Export-oriented: Wheat production in these regions is often export-oriented, with a significant portion of production being exported to other countries.
• Government Support: Governments in these regions support wheat farmers through subsidies, tariffs, and other forms of support.

Russia

Wheat cultivation area

According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, the area under wheat cultivation in Russia is estimated to be around 2023 million hectares in 27,5. The basis for this is the ministry's forecast for the 2023 crop year, which was published in December 2022.

Here is a breakdown of the area under wheat cultivation in Russia in recent years:

• 2022: 26,6 million hectares
• 2021: 26,3 million hectares
• 2020: 25,8 million hectares
• 2019: 25,1 million hectares

It is worth noting that the area under wheat cultivation in Russia can fluctuate from year to year due to factors such as weather conditions, market trends and government policies.

Share of the world market

Russia is one of the world's largest wheat exporters and its share of the global market has increased in recent years. Here are some key statistics about Russia's share of the global wheat market:

Global wheat exports: Russia is the world's largest wheat exporter, accounting for about 17-20% of global wheat exports. In the 2020/21 marketing year, Russia exported a record amount of 44,1 million tons of wheat, with total global exports of around 244 million tons.

Market share growth: Over the last decade, Russia's share of the global wheat market has grown significantly. In 2010/11, Russia accounted for around 10% of global wheat exports, and in 2020/21 its share increased to around 18%.

Competing with traditional exporters: Russia's growth in the global wheat market has come at the expense of traditional exporters such as the United States, Canada and Australia. Russia's competitive advantage lies in its lower production costs, proximity to key markets and government support for its agricultural sector.

Key markets: Russia's wheat exports are mainly destined for the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. The country's major wheat export markets include Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh and Indonesia.

Wheat production: Russia is the fourth largest producer of wheat in the world, accounting for about 8-10% of global wheat production. The country's wheat production has increased in recent years, due to government support for agriculture, investments in agricultural technology and favorable weather conditions.

State support: The Russian government has actively supported its agricultural sector, including through subsidies, tax breaks and investments in infrastructure. This support has helped increase wheat production and exports, making Russia more competitive in the global market.

challenges: Despite its growth in the global market, Russia's wheat exports face challenges, including competition from other Black Sea exporters such as Ukraine and Kazakhstan and concerns about the quality of Russian wheat.

Here are some statistics about Russia's share of the global wheat market:

• 2020/21: 17,9% (44,1 million tonnes of 244 million tonnes)
• 2019/20: 16,4% (39,4 million tonnes of 240 million tonnes)
• 2018/19: 15,5% (36,4 million tonnes of 234 million tonnes)
• 2017/18: 14,3% (33,4 million tonnes of 233 million tonnes)
• 2016/17: 13,4% (30,9 million tonnes of 230 million tonnes)

Price dynamics

Here is an overview of the price dynamics for Russian wheat over the last five years.

2017-2018: Prices declined and averaged around US$220-250 per tonne, reflecting a global wheat surplus and lower demand. Russia's wheat harvest was record-breaking and the country's export volumes reached an all-time high.

2018-2019: Prices remained stable, averaging around US$200-230 per tonne, as global supply and demand remained in balance. Russia's wheat crop was hit by drought, resulting in a smaller harvest and higher prices.

2019-2020: Prices rose and averaged around US$250-280 per tonne due to a global wheat shortage and increased demand from importers. Russia's wheat harvest was better than last year, but export restrictions were reintroduced to ensure domestic food security.

2020-2021: Prices remained high, averaging around US$280-310 per tonne, reflecting strong demand from importers and limited global supply. Russia's wheat crop was hit by drought, resulting in a smaller harvest and higher prices.

2021-2022: Due to global wheat shortages and increased demand from importers, prices remain high, averaging around US$300-330 per tonne. Russia's wheat harvest was better than last year, but export restrictions were reintroduced to ensure domestic food security.

Overall, Russian wheat price dynamics over the past decade have been influenced by factors such as global supply and demand, weather conditions and export policies. Prices fluctuated between $200 and $350 per tonne, with periods of high prices reflecting global shortages and strong demand.

Prognosis

Demand for Russian wheat is expected to remain strong in the coming years due to several factors. Here are some key trends and predictions.

Global demand for wheat: Global demand for wheat is expected to increase due to population growth, urbanization and changing dietary habits. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global wheat demand is expected to reach 2025 million tonnes by 744, up from 699 million tonnes in 2020.

Russian wheat exports: Russia is the world's largest wheat exporter, accounting for about 15-20% of global wheat exports. The country's wheat exports have increased steadily over the years, due to its favorable climate, large production capacity and competitive prices.

Russian wheat export forecast: According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, Russian wheat exports are expected to reach 2022-2023 million tons in the 40-42 marketing year, up from 38-39 million tons last year. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecasts that Russia's wheat exports will reach 2022 million tons in the 2023-41,5 marketing year, up from 39,5 million tons last year. The International Grains Council (IGC) forecasts that Russia's wheat exports will reach 2022 million tons in the 2023-42,5 marketing year, up from 40,5 million tons last year.

Important demand drivers: Egypt is the largest buyer of Russian wheat, accounting for about 20-30% of Russian wheat exports. Egypt's wheat imports are expected to remain stable, reflecting its large population and limited domestic production. Turkey is another significant buyer of Russian wheat, accounting for about 10-20% of Russian wheat exports. Turkey's wheat imports are expected to increase due to growing population and industrial demand. The Middle East and North Africa region is a significant market for Russian wheat, driven by the region's growing population and limited domestic production. Russia is also increasing its wheat exports to Asia, particularly to countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.

Kazakhstan

Wheat cultivation area

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the area under wheat cultivation in Kazakhstan is estimated to be around 2023 million hectares in 12,4. Here is a breakdown of the area under wheat cultivation in Kazakhstan in recent years:

• 2020: 12,1 million hectares
• 2021: 12,3 million hectares
• 2022: 12,2 million hectares
• 2023: 12,4 million hectares

Share of the world market

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Kazakhstan is a major player in the global wheat market. Here are some key statistics on the share of Kazakh wheat in the global market.

Global wheat production: Kazakhstan is the 13th largest wheat producer in the world, accounting for around 2,5% of global wheat production. In 2020, the country produced around 12,5 million tons of wheat.
Global wheat exports: Kazakhstan is the seventh largest wheat exporter in the world, accounting for around 4,5% of global wheat exports. In 2020, the country exported around 6,5 million tons of wheat.
Regional market share: Kazakhstan is a major player in the regional wheat market, particularly in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The country's wheat exports are mainly destined for neighboring countries such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
Global market share: Kazakhstan's wheat exports account for around 1,5% of global wheat trade. The country's main competitors in the global wheat market are Russia, Ukraine and the European Union.
Target markets: Kazakhstan is trying to diversify its wheat exports and increase its market share in countries such as China, Turkey and Iran.

Key factors contributing to Kazakhstan's significant share in the global wheat market include:

Favorable climate: Kazakhstan's continental climate with cold winters and warm summers is well suited to wheat production.
Large land area: Kazakhstan has a vast territory with over 24 million hectares of arable land, making it one of the largest wheat producers in the world.
State support: The Kazakh government has implemented various measures to support the country's agricultural sector, including wheat production and exports.
Infrastructure development: Kazakhstan has invested heavily in the development of its transportation infrastructure, including railways, roads and ports, which has facilitated the export of wheat to international markets.

Price dynamics

Kazakhstan is a major player in the global wheat market and is among the top ten wheat exporters in the world. The country's wheat production is mainly concentrated in the northern regions, with the majority of it exported to neighboring countries, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan.

Kazakh wheat price dynamics over the past five years have been influenced by several factors, including global demand, supply and weather conditions. Here are some key trends and observations.

2017-2018: Prices were relatively high, ranging from $230 to $280 per ton, due to drought in Russia and Ukraine that reduced global wheat production. Kazakhstan's wheat production was also affected by dry weather, leading to a decline in exports.

2018-2019: Prices fell to around $190-220 per tonne, reflecting a global surplus in wheat production and increasing competition from other major exporters such as Russia and Ukraine. Kazakhstan's wheat production recovered and exports increased, adding downward pressure on prices.

2019-2020: Prices remained relatively stable, between US$180 and US$220 per tonne, as global demand and supply were largely balanced. Kazakhstan's wheat production was average and exports continued to increase, helping to maintain a stable price environment.

2020-2021: Prices rose to around $250-280 a tonne, caused by a severe drought in Russia that reduced global wheat production. Kazakhstan's wheat production was also hit by dry weather, leading to a decline in exports and contributing to upward pressure on prices.

2021-2022: Prices have remained relatively high, between $220 and $250 per tonne, reflecting ongoing global supply concerns and strong demand. Kazakhstan's wheat production has recovered and exports are expected to rise, which could help stabilize prices.

Prognosis

Kazakhstan is one of the world's largest wheat producers and exporters, accounting for approximately 2-3% of global wheat production. The country's fertile soil, favorable climate and proximity to important markets make it an attractive player in the global wheat market.

Demand drivers

Domestic consumption: Kazakhstan's domestic wheat consumption is driven by growing population, urbanization and increasing demand for bread and other baked goods. The country's population is expected to grow by 1,2% annually, leading to increasing demand for wheat.

Export markets: Kazakhstan's wheat exports are mainly driven by demand from neighboring countries, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The country is also a major supplier of wheat to countries in the Middle East, Africa and Asia.

Food security: Kazakhstan is a key player in regional food security initiatives, and its wheat exports play a critical role in ensuring food security in the region.

Historical trends

Kazakhstan's wheat production has increased steadily over the past decade, with an average annual growth rate of 4,5%.

Wheat exports have also increased, with an average annual growth rate of 5,5%.

The country's domestic wheat consumption has increased by 2,5% annually.

Based on historical trends, industry analysis and macroeconomic factors, we forecast demand for Kazakh wheat as follows:

Domestic consumption: We expect Kazakhstan's domestic wheat consumption to grow by 2,8% per year, driven by population growth and increasing demand for bread and other baked goods.

Export demand: We expect Kazakhstan's wheat exports to grow by 6,2% per year, driven by increasing demand from neighboring countries, the Middle East, Africa and Asia.

Total demand: We assume that the total demand for Kazakh wheat (domestic consumption + exports) will grow by 4,5% per year.

Forecast demand (in million tonnes)

• 2023: 3,5 (domestic consumption) + 6,2 (exports) = 9,7
• 2024: 3,6 (domestic consumption) + 6,6 (exports) = 10,2
• 2025: 3,7 (domestic consumption) + 7,1 (exports) = 10,8
• 2026: 3,8 (domestic consumption) + 7,6 (exports) = 11,4
• 2027: 3,9 (domestic consumption) + 8,1 (exports) = 12,0

Kazakhstan is expected to continue to play a significant role in the global wheat market due to growing demand in the domestic and export markets. Our forecast assumes that demand for Kazakh wheat will continue to grow at 4,5% per year, driven by increasing demand for bread and other baked goods as well as food security initiatives in the region.

Ukraine

Wheat cultivation area

According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food, the area under wheat cultivation in Ukraine in 2023 is:

• Winter wheat: 6,3 million hectares
• Spring wheat: 1,2 million hectares
• Total area of ​​wheat cultivation in Ukraine: 7,5 million hectares

Share of the world market

Ukraine is a significant player in the global wheat market and its share has increased over the years.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global wheat production was around 2020 million tons in 760. Ukraine was the sixth largest producer of wheat in 2020, accounting for about 5% of global wheat production.

Ukraine is one of the largest wheat exporting countries in the world. In the 2020/21 marketing year, Ukraine exported around 18,6 million tons of wheat, which accounted for about 10% of global wheat exports. Ukraine's wheat exports have increased steadily over the years, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 8% from 2015 to 2020.

As for wheat exports, Ukraine's share of the world market has been steadily increasing. In the 2020/21 financial year, Ukraine's share of global wheat exports was around 10,3%. According to the Ukrainian Agricultural Association, Ukraine's share of the global wheat market is expected to reach about 2025% by 12.

The main destinations for Ukrainian wheat exports are:

• Egypt (around 20% of Ukrainian wheat exports)
• Türkiye (around 15% of Ukrainian wheat exports)
• Africa (around 30% of Ukrainian wheat exports)
• Asia (around 20% of Ukrainian wheat exports)

Ukraine's wheat exports are competitive due to several factors, including:

• Low production costs
• High quality wheat
• Strategic location allowing easy access to Black Sea ports and transportation to global markets
• Government support for the agricultural sector

Despite its competitiveness, Ukraine's wheat exports face several challenges, including:

• Logistics and infrastructure constraints
• Dependence on some key markets (e.g. Egypt and Türkiye)
• Weather-related risks and climate change
• Trade tensions and geopolitical uncertainties

Overall, Ukraine is a significant player in the global wheat market and its share is expected to continue to grow in the coming years.

Price dynamics

Here is an overview of the price dynamics of Ukrainian wheat over the last five years (2017-2021).

2017: The average price of Ukrainian wheat was around US$170–180 per ton, which was relatively low due to a global wheat surplus. Prices fluctuated between $150 and $200 per tonne throughout the year, driven by changes in global demand and supply. Ukraine's wheat exports amounted to about 17-18 million tons, which was a relatively strong year for Ukrainian wheat exports.

2018: The average price of Ukrainian wheat rose to around $200-220 per ton, reflecting a decline in global wheat production and increasing demand. Prices peaked at around US$2018 per tonne in June 240 before falling back to around US$200 per tonne by the end of the year. Ukrainian wheat exports amounted to about 16-17 million tons, which was slightly less than last year.

2019: The average price of Ukrainian wheat fell to around $180-200 per ton due to a recovery in global wheat production and increasing competition from other exporters. Prices were relatively stable throughout the year, with a slight increase in the summer months. Ukrainian wheat exports amounted to about 18-19 million tons, which was a record for the country.

2020: The average price of Ukrainian wheat fell to around $19-150 per ton due to the COVID-170 pandemic and its impact on global demand. Prices have been volatile throughout the year, with a sharp decline in March 2020 to around US$130 per tonne, followed by a recovery in the summer months. Ukrainian wheat exports amounted to about 15-16 million tons, lower than last year due to pandemic-related disruptions.

2021: The average price of Ukrainian wheat was around $200-220 per ton, reflecting a strong recovery in global demand and concerns about supply disruptions. Prices have risen steadily since the start of the year, driven by factors such as drought in key wheat-growing regions and strong demand from importers. Ukrainian wheat exports are expected to be around 18-20 million tons, which would set a new record for the country.

Prognosis

Predicting demand for Ukrainian wheat is a complex task that requires analyzing various factors affecting the global wheat market.

Forecast

Short term (2023-2024): Demand for Ukrainian wheat is expected to remain stable, driven by stable global demand and supply. Ukrainian wheat exports are expected to remain around 18-20 million tons, with the main destinations being Egypt, Turkey and other countries in the Middle East and Africa.

Medium term (2025-2027): Demand for Ukrainian wheat is expected to increase moderately due to population growth, urbanization and increasing demand from Asia and Africa. Ukrainian wheat exports are expected to reach 20 to 22 million tons, with a growing share going to countries in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Vietnam.

Long term (2028-2030): Demand for Ukrainian wheat is expected to continue growing, driven by changing dietary habits, increasing demand for high-quality wheat and growing demand from emerging markets. Ukrainian wheat exports are expected to reach 22 to 25 million tons, with a growing share going to countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia.

Eastern Europe

Wheat cultivation area

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the area under wheat cultivation in Eastern Europe is estimated to be around 2023 million hectares in 14,3. Here is a breakdown of the estimated wheat acreage in some Eastern European countries in 2023, based on FAO data:

• Poland: 2,4 million hectares
• Romania: 1,4 million hectares
• Hungary: 1,1 million hectares
• Bulgaria: 0,7 million hectares
• Slovakia: 0,5 million hectares
• Czech Republic: 0,4 million hectares
• Belarus: 0,3 million hectares
• Lithuania: 0,2 million hectares
• Latvia: 0,1 million hectares
• Estonia: 0,1 million hectares

Share of the world market

Eastern European countries play a significant role in the global wheat market. Here are some important statistics and information about the share of wheat from Eastern European countries in the global market:

• Eastern European countries account for around 15-20% of global wheat production.
• Ukraine is the largest producer of wheat in the region, accounting for about 5-6% of global wheat production.
• Russia is the second largest producer, accounting for about 4-5% of global wheat production.

Other important wheat exporters in the region are Poland, Romania and Hungary.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Eastern European countries accounted for around 2020% of global wheat exports in 18. Ukraine's share of global wheat exports was around 2020% in 12, while Russia's share was around 9%.

Eastern European countries have a competitive advantage in the global wheat market due to their favorable climate, rich soil and proximity to key markets. The region's wheat is often of high quality, with protein content and gluten strength that meet the demands of international buyers. The region's wheat is also often competitively priced, making it an attractive option for importers.

Price dynamics

The dynamics of wheat prices from Eastern European countries over the past five years have been influenced by various factors such as global demand, supply and weather conditions, as well as regional factors such as currency fluctuations, trade policies and production levels. Over the last five years, wheat prices in Eastern European countries have been relatively volatile, with a general tendency to increase. Prices were influenced by global market trends, weather conditions and regional factors.

Poland

Poland is one of the largest wheat producers in Eastern Europe. Wheat prices in Poland have risen over the past five years, with a slight decline in 2019 due to a record harvest. Average price (2017-2022): €170-200 per ton.

Ukraine

Ukraine is another important wheat producer in the region. Wheat prices in Ukraine have been relatively stable over the past five years, with a slight decline in 2018 due to a record harvest. Average price (2017-2022): €150-180 per ton.

Russia

Russia is a significant player in the global wheat market. Wheat prices in Russia have risen over the past five years due to export demand and currency fluctuations. Average price (2017-2022): €180-220 per ton.

Hungary

Hungary is a smaller wheat producer in Eastern Europe. Wheat prices in Hungary have increased over the past five years, with a slight decrease in 2019 due to a good harvest. Average price (2017-2022): €160-190 per ton.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is a relatively small wheat producer in Eastern Europe. Wheat prices in the Czech Republic have increased over the past five years, with a slight decrease in 2019 due to a good harvest. Average price (2017-2022): €150-180 per ton.

The dynamics of wheat prices in Eastern European countries over the past five years have been influenced by a combination of global and regional factors. Prices were relatively volatile and showed a general upward trend. Understanding the drivers of price dynamics is critical for wheat producers, traders and policymakers to make informed decisions and manage risks in the market.

Prognosis

Demand for wheat from Eastern European countries is expected to remain stable, driven by the region's growing population, urbanization and increasing demand for bread and baked goods. However, demand is also influenced by factors such as agricultural production, trade policies and economic conditions.

The following Eastern European countries are major importers of wheat:

Poland: Poland is the largest importer of wheat in Eastern Europe, accounting for around 40% of the region's total wheat imports. The country's wheat demand is driven by its large food processing industry, which includes bread, bakery and confectionery products.

Russia: Although Russia is a major producer of wheat, it also imports significant quantities to meet its domestic needs. The country's wheat demand is driven by the growing population and increasing demand for bread and baked goods.

Ukraine: Ukraine is another major wheat importer in Eastern Europe, driven by its growing food industry and increasing demand for bread and baked goods.

Czech Republic: The Czech Republic is a major importer of wheat, driven by its food processing industry, which includes breweries, bakeries and confectionery products.

Based on historical trends, market research and industry analysis, the following forecast for wheat demand from Eastern European countries is made:

• Total demand for wheat from Eastern European countries is expected to increase by 2,5% annually and reach 2025 million tons by 12,3.
• Poland's wheat demand is expected to increase by 2,2% annually and reach 2025 million tonnes by 4,8.
• Russia's wheat demand is expected to increase by 2,8% annually and reach 2025 million tons by 3,5.
• Ukraine's wheat demand is expected to increase by 3,2% annually and reach 2025 million tons by 2,5.
• The Czech Republic's wheat demand is expected to increase by 2,5% annually and reach 2025 million tons by 1,8.