Barley

Kazakhstan

• Major producer: Kazakhstan is a major barley producer with an average annual production of over 2 million tonnes.
• Steppe region: The majority of barley is grown in the steppe region of Kazakhstan, which is characterized by an arid climate and limited irrigation.
• Winter barley: Winter barley is the dominant barley variety in Kazakhstan, accounting for over 60% of total production.
• Export-oriented: Kazakhstan is a major exporter of barley, with a significant portion of its production going to countries such as China and Saudi Arabia.
• Government support: The Kazakh government supports barley producers through subsidies, loan guarantees and investments in agricultural infrastructure.

Ukraine

• Main producer: Ukraine is a major producer of barley, with an average annual production of over 9 million tonnes.
• Black Earth Region: The majority of barley is grown in the Black Earth Region of Ukraine, which is characterized by fertile soils and a favorable climate.
• Spring and winter barley: Both spring and winter barley are grown in Ukraine, with winter barley accounting for around 40% of total production.
• Export-oriented: Ukraine is a major exporter of barley, with a significant portion of its production going to countries such as the European Union, China and Saudi Arabia.
• Agrarian Reform: Ukraine has implemented agrarian reforms to increase efficiency and productivity in the sector, including the introduction of new technologies and the privatization of state-owned farms.

Eastern Europe

• Significant production: Countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia are major barley producers in Eastern Europe, with an average annual production of over 2 million tonnes.
• Diverse climates: Eastern Europe has a diverse range of climates, from the temperate climate of Poland to the continental climate of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
• Spring and winter barley: Both spring and winter barley are grown in Eastern Europe, with winter barley being more popular in countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic.
• EU membership: Many Eastern European countries are members of the European Union, which offers access to a large market and benefits from EU agricultural policies.
• Investment in agriculture: Eastern European countries have invested in agriculture, including the development of new technologies and the modernization of agricultural infrastructure.

Russia

Barley cultivation area

According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, the area under barley cultivation in Russia is expected to be about 2023-8,3 million hectares in 8,5. The basis for this is the ministry's forecast for the 2023 crop year.

In 2022, the area under barley cultivation in Russia was around 8,1 million hectares, with a total production of 18,3 million tons.

Here is a breakdown of the area under barley cultivation in Russia in recent years:

• 2022: 8,1 million hectares
• 2021: 7,8 million hectares
• 2020: 7,4 million hectares
• 2019: 7,1 million hectares
• 2018: 6,8 million hectares

It is worth noting that the area under barley cultivation in Russia can vary from year to year, depending on factors such as weather conditions, market demand and government policies.

Of the main varieties of barley grown in Russia

• Zazersky 85: A popular variety in Russia, known for its high yield and good malt quality.
• Saratovsky 10: A widespread variety in Russia used for malting and brewing.
• Kazachy 5: A high-yielding variety with good disease resistance.
• Voronezhsky 10: A variety from the Voronezh region, known for its high protein content.
• Kursky 10: A popular variety in the Kursk region, used for malting and brewing.

Quality indicators of barley grown in Russia

• Protein content: 11-12% (average), 10-13% (range)
• Moisture Content: 12-14% (Average), 10-16% (Range)
• Thousand grain weight: 35-40 grams (average), 30-45 grams (range)
• Germination rate: 95-98% (average), 90-100% (range)
• Falling number: 250-300 seconds (average), 200-350 seconds (range)
• Mold and fungus infestation: 1-2% (average), 0,5-3% (range)
• Screenings: 2-5% (average), 1-7% (range)

Share of the world market

Russia is a significant player in the global barley market and its share has increased in recent years. Here are some key statistics:

Global barley production

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global barley production was around 2020 million tonnes in 21/144. Russia is the fifth largest barley producer in the world, accounting for around 9% of global production.

Russian barley exports

Russia is the second largest barley exporter in the world, accounting for about 15-20% of global barley exports. In 2020/21, Russia exported around 5,5 million tons of barley, worth around $1,2 billion. The main destinations for Russian barley exports are Middle Eastern and North African countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Turkey.

Russian barley market share

According to the International Grains Council (IGC), Russia's share of the global barley market was around 2020% in 21/14. Russia's market share of barley exports was around 2020% in 21/18, only behind Australia (around 24% market share).

Trends and outlook

Russia's barley production and exports are expected to continue growing in the coming years due to favorable weather conditions, government support and investments in agriculture. The Russian government has set a goal of increasing barley exports to 2025 million tons by 6. Competition from other major barley exporters such as Australia, Ukraine and Canada could impact Russia's market share in the future.

Price dynamics

Here is an overview of the price dynamics for Russian barley over the last five years (2017-2021).

2017: The average price of Russian barley was around $140-150 per ton, with a high of $170 per ton in May and a low of $120 per ton in November. Prices were influenced by strong demand from Saudi Arabia, Algeria and other Middle Eastern countries, as well as relatively low global supply. Russia was the second largest exporter of barley in the world, accounting for around 15% of global exports.

2018: The average price of Russian barley was around $160-170 per ton, with a high of $200 per ton in April and a low of $140 per ton in September. Prices were driven by strong demand from China, which increased its imports due to the African swine fever outbreak, and a drought in Australia that reduced global supply. Russia's barley exports reached a record high of 4,5 million tons, making it the world's largest barley exporter.

2019: The average price of Russian barley was around US$150-160 per ton, with a high of US$180 per ton in February and a low of US$130 per ton in August. Prices were influenced by a global supply oversupply that led to a drop in demand in some countries, as well as a relatively strong ruble that made Russian exports less competitive. Russia's barley exports fell to around 3,5 million tonnes and remains the world's largest barley exporter.

2020: The average price of Russian barley was around US$120-130 per ton, with a high of US$150 per ton in March and a low of US$100 per ton in June. Prices were driven by a global pandemic-related drop in demand as well as record-high global supply, leading to a decline in prices. Russia's barley exports fell to around 2,5 million tons due to pandemic-related restrictions and reduced demand.

2021: The average price of Russian barley was around $130-140 per ton, with a high of $160 per ton in January and a low of $110 per ton in April. Prices were impacted by a recovery in global demand as well as a decline in global supply due to weather-related issues in some key producing countries. Russia's barley exports are expected to rise to around 3 million tonnes due to recovery in demand and a more competitive ruble.

Forecast of demand for Russian barley

Short-term forecast (2023-2024)

According to the International Grains Council (IGC), Russian barley production is expected to increase by 2023% to 2024 million tons in 2-18,5 due to favorable weather conditions and improved yields. Domestic demand for barley is expected to remain stable, with a small increase of 1% to 2,5 million tonnes, driven by stable demand from the livestock and poultry sectors. Exports are expected to remain strong, with a forecast of 4,5 million tonnes in 2023-2024, driven by competitive prices and strong demand from importers in the Middle East and North Africa.

Medium-term forecast (2025-2027)

Russian barley production is expected to continue growing due to investments in agricultural infrastructure and technology as well as favorable government policies. Domestic demand is expected to grow by 2-3% per year, driven by growth in the livestock and poultry sectors as well as increasing demand for barley-based products such as beer and animal feed. Exports are expected to remain strong with a forecast of 5 to 5,5 million tonnes per year, driven by continued demand from importers in the Middle East and North Africa as well as increasing demand from Asia.

Long-term forecast (2028-2030)

Russian barley production is expected to continue growing due to investments in agricultural infrastructure and technology as well as favorable government policies. Domestic demand is expected to increase by 3-4% per year, driven by growth in the livestock and poultry sector as well as increasing demand for barley-based products such as Biofuels and industrial applications. Exports are expected to remain strong with a forecast of 6 to 7 million tonnes per year, driven by continued demand from importers in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as increasing demand from Asia and other regions.

Kazakhstan

Barley cultivation area

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the area under barley cultivation in Kazakhstan is estimated to be around 2023 million hectares in 1,4.

Here is a breakdown of the area under barley cultivation in Kazakhstan in recent years:

• 2020: 1,35 million hectares
• 2021: 1,38 million hectares
• 2022: 1,42 million hectares
• 2023 (estimated): 1,4 million hectares

Of the main barley varieties grown in Kazakhstan

• Kazakhstansky 10: A high-yielding variety with good drought resistance.
• Astana: A popular variety in Kazakhstan, known for its good malt quality.
• Tselinogradsky 10: A variety from the Tselinograd region used for malting and brewing.
• Kostanaysky 10: A high-yielding variety with good disease resistance.
• Almatinsky 10: A variety from the Almaty region, known for its good malt quality.

Quality indicators of barley grown in Kazakhstan

Barley is an important crop in Kazakhstan and its quality is crucial to various industries, including brewing, animal feed and food production. Here are some important quality indicators for barley grown in Kazakhstan:

• Protein content: 10-11% (average), 9-12% (range)
• Moisture Content: 13-15% (Average), 11-17% (Range)
• Thousand grain weight: 30-35 grams (average), 25-40 grams (range)
• Germination rate: 90-95% (average), 85-100% (range)
• Falling number: 200-250 seconds (average), 180-280 seconds (range)
• Mold and fungus infestation: 1,5-3% (average), 1-4% (range)
• Screenings: 3-6% (average), 2-8% (range)

Share of the world market

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Kazakhstan is a major barley producer and has a significant share of the global barley market. Here are some statistics on Kazakhstan's barley production and exports.

Production

In 2020, Kazakhstan produced about 2,3 million tons of barley, accounting for about 2,5% of the world's total barley production (92,4 million tons). The country has consistently produced about 2-3 million tons of barley per year over the last decade.

Exports

In 2020, Kazakhstan exported around 1,3 million tons of barley, accounting for about 6,5% of the world's total barley exports (20,1 million tons). The country's barley exports have grown steadily over the years, with a significant increase in 2020 compared to the previous year. The main destinations for Kazakhstan's barley exports are China, Iran and Turkey. In 2020, China was the largest importer of Kazakh barley, accounting for around 40% of the country's total barley exports. Kazakhstan is currently the sixth largest barley exporter in the world, behind Australia, Russia, Ukraine, France and Canada. The country's share of global barley exports has increased over the years, reflecting growing production and exports.

Overall, Kazakhstan plays a significant role in the global barley market and its share is expected to continue to grow in the coming years, driven by increasing demand and investments in the country's agricultural sector.

Price dynamics

Here is an overview of the price dynamics for Kazakh barley over the last five years.

2017-2018: The average price of Kazakh barley was around US$220-250 per ton. Prices were influenced by strong demand from China, which drove up world prices. Kazakhstan's barley production was around 2,5 million tons, of which around 1,5 million tons were exported.

2018-2019: Prices fell to around $180-200 per ton due to increased global supply and weaker demand. The devaluation of the Russian ruble against the US dollar also affected prices and made Kazakh barley more competitive on the global market. Kazakhstan's barley production increased to around 3,2 million tons, and exports reached around 2,2 million tons.

2019-2020: Prices stabilized at around US$190-220 per ton due to balanced global supply and demand. The COVID-19 pandemic caused logistical disruptions but did not have a significant impact on barley prices. Kazakhstan's barley production was around 2,8 million tons, exports were around 2,5 million tons.

2020-2021: Due to strong demand from China and other Asian countries, prices rose to around US$250-280 per tonne. Kazakhstan's barley production was around 3,5 million tons, exports amounted to around 3,2 million tons. The devaluation of the Kazakh tenge against the US dollar also contributed to higher prices.

2021-2022: Due to continued strong demand and supply chain disruptions, prices remain high at around US$240-270 per tonne. Kazakhstan's barley production is expected to be around 3,8 million tonnes, with exports around 3,5 million tonnes. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has also affected global grain prices, including barley.

Demand forecast for Kazakh barley

Assuming a stable global market and no significant disruptions in trade, here is a rough forecast for barley demand in Kazakhstan:

2023-2024

• Domestic consumption: 1,2 million tons (stable growth rate of 2% year-on-year)
• Exports: 2,5 million tonnes (5% year-on-year growth rate, driven by increasing demand from China and Iran)
• Total demand: 3,7 million tons

2024-2025

• Domestic consumption: 1,3 million tons (growth rate of 3% year-on-year)
• Exports: 2,7 million tonnes (6% year-on-year growth rate, driven by expanding export markets)
• Total requirement: 4,0 million tons

Long-term trend

Barley demand in Kazakhstan is expected to grow moderately due to increasing domestic consumption and exports. The country's agricultural sector is expected to benefit from government support and investment in irrigation infrastructure, which can improve crop yields and quality.

Ukraine

Barley cultivation area

According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food and various sources, including the Ukrainian State Statistics Service and the International Grains Council, the area under barley cultivation in Ukraine in 2023 is expected to be around 1,3-1,4 million hectares.

Here are some concrete data and forecasts:

The Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food expects barley planting to reach 2023 million hectares in 1,35, with a potential harvest of 7,5 to 8,0 million tons.

The State Statistics Service of Ukraine reported that in 2022, barley was grown on 1,23 million hectares with a yield of 6,3 million tons.

The International Grains Council (IGC) predicts that Ukraine's barley cultivation area will reach 2023 million hectares in 1,4, corresponding to a production of 8,2 million tons.

The Ukrainian Grain Association (UGA) estimates that barley plantings in 2023 will be about 1,3 million hectares, with a potential harvest of 7,5 to 8,0 million tons.

Of the main barley varieties grown in Ukraine

• Ukrainka: A popular variety in Ukraine, known for its high yield and good malt quality.
• Kharkivsky 10: A variety from the Kharkiv region used for malting and brewing.
• Poltavsky 10: A high-yielding variety with good disease resistance.
• Dniprovska 10: A variety from the Dnipropetrovsk region, known for its good malt quality.
• Zhytomyrska 10: A variety from the Zhytomyr region used for malting and brewing.

Quality indicators of barley grown in Ukraine

• Protein content: 11-12% (average), 10-13% (range)
• Moisture Content: 12-14% (Average), 10-16% (Range)
• Thousand grain weight: 35-40 grams (average), 30-45 grams (range)
• Germination rate: 95-98% (average), 90-100% (range)
• Falling number: 250-300 seconds (average), 200-350 seconds (range)
• Mold and fungus infestation: 1-2% (average), 0,5-3% (range)
• Screenings: 2-5% (average), 1-7% (range)

Share of the world market

Ukraine is a significant player in the global barley market and its share has increased over the years. Here are some key statistics:

• Global barley production: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, global barley production was around 2020 million tonnes in 2021/157.
• Ukrainian barley production: Ukraine is one of the largest barley producers in the world. According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Agriculture, the country produced around 2020 million tons of barley in 2021/9,5.
• Ukraine's share in world barley production: Based on the above figures, Ukraine's share in world barley production is around 6,1% (9,5 million tons out of 157 million tons).
• Ukraine's barley exports: Ukraine is a major exporter of barley, with a significant portion of its production being shipped to other countries. In 2020/2021, Ukraine exported around 4,5 million tons of barley, making it one of the top barley exporting countries in the world.
• Ukraine's share of world barley exports: According to the International Grains Council (IGC), Ukraine's share of world barley exports is around 14,5% (4,5 million tons out of 31,1 million tons).

Here is a rough ranking of the top barley exporting countries in the world based on 2020/2021 data:

1. Australia (23,4% of global barley exports)
2. Russia (20,5% of global barley exports)
3. Ukraine (14,5% of global barley exports)
4. France (12,1% of global barley exports)
5. Canada (8,5% of global barley exports)

Overall, Ukraine plays a significant role in the global barley market in terms of both production and exports. Thanks to the favorable climate, fertile soil and investments in agriculture, its share in global barley production and exports has increased over the years.

Price dynamics

Here is an overview of the price dynamics for Ukrainian barley over the last five years:

2017-2018: The average price of Ukrainian barley was around $2017-2018 per ton in 170-180. Prices have been relatively stable, with a slight decline in the second half of 2017 due to good harvest prospects. Ukraine's barley exports amounted to around 4,5 million tons, with the main buyers being Saudi Arabia, China and Jordan.

2018-2019: The average price of Ukrainian barley was around $2018-2019 per ton in 190-200. Prices rose in the first half of 2018 due to dry weather conditions in Ukraine and Russia, which led to a decline in production. Exports reached around 5,5 million tonnes, with Saudi Arabia, China and Jordan remaining the main buyers.

2019-2020: The average price of Ukrainian barley was around $2019-2020 per ton in 220-230. In the summer of 2019, prices rose sharply due to a drought in Ukraine, causing production to fall to around 7,5 million tons. Exports reached around 6,5 million tonnes, with new markets such as Tunisia and Algeria emerging.

2020-2021: The average price of Ukrainian barley was around $2020-2021 per ton in 250-260. Prices remained high due to strong demand from North Africa and the Middle East as well as supply chain disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Exports reached around 7,5 million tonnes, with Saudi Arabia, China and Tunisia being the main buyers.

2021-2022: The average price of Ukrainian barley is around $2021-2022 per ton in 280-290. Prices were supported by strong demand, limited supply and logistical problems in the Black Sea region. Exports are expected to reach around 8 to 9 million tonnes, with new markets emerging such as Algeria and Morocco.

Forecast of demand for Ukrainian barley

Ukraine is one of the world's leading barley producers and exporters, accounting for approximately 10% of global production and 15% of global exports. The country's barley market is heavily influenced by international demand, prices and trade policies.

Global demand for barley

Global demand for barley is expected to grow moderately, driven by increasing demand from the animal feed and brewing industries. The International Grains Council (IGC) forecasts that global barley demand will increase by 2022% per year from 2027 to 1,4, reaching 2027 million tonnes by 154.

Ukrainian barley production

Ukrainian barley production is expected to remain stable in the short term, with some fluctuations due to weather conditions and yields. The Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food forecasts an average barley production of around 2022 to 2025 million tons per year for the period 9 to 10.

Ukrainian barley exports

Ukrainian barley exports are expected to remain high, driven by strong demand from traditional markets such as China, Saudi Arabia and the EU. The Ukrainian Ministry of Agricultural Policy and Food forecasts an average barley export of around 2022 to 2025 million tons per year for the period 4 to 5.

Demand for Ukrainian barley by region

Here is a breakdown of Ukrainian barley demand by region:

• China: China is expected to remain the largest importer of Ukrainian barley, with demand driven by the country's expanding livestock sector. Chinese imports of Ukrainian barley are expected to increase by 2022% per year from 2025 to 2, reaching 2025 million tons by 1,5.
• EU: The EU is expected to remain an important market for Ukrainian barley, with demand driven by the brewing industry. EU imports of Ukrainian barley are expected to increase by 2022% per year from 2025 to 1,5, reaching 2025 million tonnes by 1,2.
• Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is expected to remain an important market for Ukrainian barley, with demand driven by the country's livestock sector. Saudi imports of Ukrainian barley are expected to increase by 2022% per year from 2025 to 1, reaching 2025 tons by 500.000.
• Other markets: Other markets, including Turkey, Iran and Africa, are expected to see moderate growth in demand for Ukrainian barley, driven by increasing demand for animal feed and brewing raw materials.

Eastern Europe

Barley cultivation area

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the total area under barley cultivation in Eastern Europe is estimated to be around 2023 million hectares in 2,4. Here is a breakdown of the estimated barley production area in Eastern European countries in 2023:

1. Poland: 934.300 hectares
2. Romania: 541.400 hectares
3. Hungary: 246.300 hectares
4. Bulgaria: 184.300 hectares
5. Czech Republic: 143.300 hectares
6. Slovakia: 106.300 hectares
7. Belarus: 93.300 hectares
8. Lithuania: 64.300 hectares
9. Latvia: 43.300 hectares
10. Estonia: 26.300 hectares
11. Moldova: 20.300 hectares
12. Slovenia: 14.300 hectares
13. Croatia: 12.300 hectares
14. Serbia: 10.300 hectares
15. Bosnia and Herzegovina: 8.300 hectares
16. Montenegro: 5.300 hectares
17. Albania: 4.300 hectares
18. North Macedonia: 3.300 hectares
19. Kosovo: 2.300 hectares

It is worth noting that the total area under barley cultivation in Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) has tended to decline in recent years due to factors such as falling crop prices, increasing competition from other crops and environmental concerns. However, barley remains an important crop in the region, particularly in Poland and Romania, which are among the largest barley producers in the European Union.

The most important barley varieties grown in Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a major barley growing region and several countries in this region grow a range of barley varieties. Here are some of the main barley varieties grown in Eastern Europe.

Poland

• Kormoran: A popular malt barley variety known for its high yield and good malt quality.
• Bastion: A high-yielding feed barley variety, resistant to lodging and suitable for various soil types.
• Ella: A malting barley variety that is characterized by high enzyme activity and good brewing performance.

Czech Republic and Slovakia

• Karlo: A malting barley variety known for its high yield and good brewing quality.
• Slovana: A winter barley variety popular for its high yield and cold tolerance.
• Aurora: A spring barley variety characterized by high yield and resistance to powdery mildew.

Hungary

• Köles: A variety of malting barley that is widely grown in Hungary due to its high yield and good malt quality.
• Mura: A winter barley variety popular for its high yield and cold tolerance.
• Debreceni: A spring barley variety that is characterized by high yield and stability.

Romania

• Romina: A winter barley variety widely grown in Romania due to its high yield and cold tolerance.
• Flavia: A spring barley variety popular for its high yield and resistance to powdery mildew.
• Arabella: A malting barley variety known for its high enzyme activity and good brewing performance.

Quality indicators for barley grown in Eastern Europe

• Protein content: 10-11% (average), 9-12% (range)
• Moisture Content: 12-14% (Average), 10-16% (Range)
• Thousand grain weight: 30-35 grams (average), 25-40 grams (range)
• Germination rate: 90-95% (average), 85-100% (range)
• Falling number: 200-250 seconds (average), 180-280 seconds (range)
• Mold and fungus infestation: 1,5-3% (average), 1-4% (range)
• Screenings: 3-6% (average), 2-8% (range)

Share of the world market

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the share of barley grown in Eastern Europe in the world market can be estimated as follows:

1. Total global barley production: In 2020, global barley production was approximately 147 million tons.

2. Eastern Europe's Barley Production: The countries in Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) that are significant barley producers are:

• Poland: 3,3 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Czech Republic: 1,3 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Hungary: 1,2 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Romania: 1,1 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Bulgaria: 0,8 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Slovakia: 0,6 million tonnes (2020) (Source: FAO)
• Other Eastern European countries (excluding Russia and Ukraine): approx. 0,5 million tonnes (estimated)

Total barley production in Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) is about 8,4 million tons.

3. Share of Eastern European barley production (excluding Russia and Ukraine) in the world market is 8,4 million tons / 147 million tons) x 100% ≈ 5,7%. Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) therefore accounts for around 5,7% of global barley production.

Price dynamics

Prices for barley from Eastern European countries have shown mixed developments over the last five years. Here's a quick Zusameasurement of price dynamics for each country.

Poland

• Prices were relatively stable, between $150 and $200 per ton.
• The highest price was reached in June 2018 at $220 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in August 2019 at $140 per ton.

Romania

• Prices were volatile, ranging from $120 to $200 per ton.
• The highest price was reached in September 2017 at $210 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in November 2020 at $130 per ton.

Hungary

• Prices were relatively stable, between $140 and $190 per ton.
• The maximum price was reached in July 2018 at $200 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in October 2020 at $140 per ton.

Bulgaria

• Prices were relatively stable, between $120 and $170 per ton.
• The highest price was reached in August 2017 at $180 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in February 2020 at $120 per ton.

Czech Republic

• Prices were relatively stable, between $150 and $200 per ton.
• The highest price was reached in June 2018 at $220 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in September 2019 at $140 per ton.

Slovakia

• Prices were relatively stable, between $140 and $190 per ton.
• The maximum price was reached in July 2018 at $200 per ton.
• The lowest price was recorded in October 2020 at $140 per ton.

Demand forecast for barley from Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe, excluding Russia and Ukraine, is a significant region for barley demand, driven by livestock, brewing and food processing. The region's demand for barley is influenced by factors such as agricultural policies, trade agreements and macroeconomic trends.

Here is a breakdown of the demand forecast for barley in Eastern Europe, excluding Russia and Ukraine:

• Poland: Poland is the largest barley consumer in the region, with demand forecast at 2,3 million tonnes (MMT) in 2023 and annual growth of 2,5% from 2020 to 2023.
• Romania: Romania's barley demand is expected to reach 2023 MMT in 1,4 and grow at a CAGR of 2020% from 2023 to 3,2.
• Hungary: Hungary's barley demand is expected to reach 2023 MMT in 1,1, growing at a CAGR of 2020% from 2023 to 2,8.
• Czech Republic: The Czech Republic's barley demand is expected to reach 2023 tons in 830.000 and grow at an annual growth rate of 2020% from 2023 to 2,2.
• Bulgaria: Bulgarian barley demand is expected to reach 2023 tons in 740.000, growing at an annual growth rate of 2020% from 2023 to 2,5.
• Slovakia: Slovakia's barley demand is expected to reach 2023 tons in 560.000 and grow at an annual growth rate of 2020% from 2023 to 2,1.
• Slovenia: Slovenia's barley demand is expected to reach 2023 tons in 440.000, growing at an annual growth rate of 2020% from 2023 to 2,3.

Regional demand development

The overall demand for barley in Eastern Europe, excluding Russia and Ukraine, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 2020% from 2023 to 2,6, reaching 2023 MMT in 7,3. Growth is driven by:

Increasing livestock production: The livestock industry is a significant consumer of barley in the region, and the industry's growth is driving demand for barley.

Brewing Industry Expansion: The brewing industry is another major barley consumer in the region, and the industry's growth is driving demand for barley.

food processing and Biofuel production: The demand for barley from food processing and BioFuel production is expected to grow, driven by increasing consumer demand for healthy food and renewable energy.

ZusaIn summary, demand for barley in Eastern Europe (excluding Russia and Ukraine) is expected to grow, driven by livestock, brewing and food processing. However, demand faces challenges such as trade tensions and political uncertainty, weather and climate change, and competition from other grains.