Rape,- Canola seeds

Soil requirements

Canola is grown on sod-podzolic loam and clay soils underlain by moraine loam and, more rarely, shallow sand. Canola plants can be planted on reclaimed land and peat bogs. Soils poor in sand and loam and covered with sand are less suitable, especially for seed production. Light, sandy soils that lose moisture quickly and soils with a close occurrence of groundwater and an acidic reaction of the medium are not suitable. In areas with low pH in the soil environment, spring canola can be affected by a kilo.

Optimal agrochemical indicators of the soil for the production of seeds: Humus content – not lower than 2.0%; mobile phosphorus and exchange of potassium – not less than 150 mg / kg of soil; pH – 5.8-6.5.

The choice of predecessors

The best predecessor for canolaseed is root crops, to which organic fertilizers have been contributed. Good predecessors are clover, lupins, bean-cereal mixtures, silage, propashnye and winter cereals. Canolaseed grown in the crop rotation between two cereals enriches the soil with organic residues and prevents the development of root rot in these crops, increasing their yield by 17-34%.

It is allowed to sow canolaseed on plowed dead winter canolaseed. Sowing canolaseed in weak winter canolaseed is impractical due to uneven ripening and significant damage from pests and diseases.

It is not recommended to return canola to its original place earlier than in 4 years due to the possible accumulation of pathogens and pests. When changing crops in the rotation, especially on heavy soils, the time between the cultivation of canola, cabbage and sugar beet should be taken into account, where the remaining canola can germinate for a long time.

Tillage

Tillage under canola should be geared towards maximum cleaning of the field from weed vegetation and alignment. On connected soils, canola reacts positively to the implementation of a deep drizzle – up to 40 centimeters reduces the crop yield in a dry year by 20-30% on spring canola.

Fertilization

When growing canola, organic fertilizers are applied under the previous crop. Liquid manure can be used directly under the spring canola to cover only 50% of the nitrogen requirement. The doses of mineral fertilizers are calculated depending on the soil safety and the size of the planned crop. Nitrogen fertilizers are introduced under the pre-sowing cultivation. If the nitrogen dose exceeds 150 kilograms/hectare, they are applied in two doses: 3/4 dose – before sowing in the form of CAS, urea or ammonium nitrate (depending on the soil pH), the remaining amount – during the stem period before the beginning of budding in the form of ammonium nitrate, urea, CAS, when diluted with water in a ratio of at least 1:3. When using CAS, it is necessary to strictly observe the concentration of the solution, not to carry out processing during the flowering phase of spring canola.

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are introduced:

– on heavy soils – in full dose in the fall plowing;
– on lungs – 2/3 doses of potassium – in autumn, the rest in spring together with phosphorus fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation.

Fertilizers are introduced on fine-grained peat bogs:

– nitrogen – 50-60 kilograms / hectare,
– phosphorus – 40-60 kilograms / hectare,
– potassium – 100-140 kilograms / hectare.

Be sure to use fertilizers containing boron and copper or to dress seeds with these trace elements. Effective use of boron copper compositions.

Canola is characterized by an increased requirement for soil safety due to trace elements (boron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese). In case of low safety, at least two of the most deficient trace elements are introduced into the fertilizer according to the cartogram. Molybdenum is not introduced to produced soils. Liquid complexes can be used instead of trace element salts.

Non-root feeding with boron during the budding phase is obligatory. Use boric acid – 200-250 grams/hectare and others. Non-root top dressing of spring canola with trace elements (before the flowering phase) can be combined with nitrogen or pesticide treatments. The working fluid consumption is 250-300 liters/hectare of water.

Urea solutions and liquid complex fertilizers are used together with plant protection products if the processing time coincides.

Spring canola reacts positively to the introduction of sulphur. Sources of sulfur are fertilizers: phosphogypsum (18-21% sulfur), simple superphosphate (9-13%), ammonium sulfate (23-24%), potassium sulfate (17-18% sulfur). Sulphur is introduced as the main fertilizer.

High-quality “Canol” canolaseed varieties cannot be fed with ammonium sulphate. With a planned yield of 30 quintals/hectare, 30 to 40 kilograms/hectare of sulphur are required.

Liming of acidic soils is done directly under the previous crop or after the harvest under the fall plowing over the stubble.

Preparing the seeds for sowing

Canolaseed is etched during storage, but no later than 2 weeks before sowing. Etching of seeds is carried out with fungicidal agents to protect canolaseed shoots from diseases or insecticidal fungicidal effects from pests and diseases.

Etched seeds should be evenly covered with the preparation, the moisture of the seeds should not exceed 10-12%.

Sowing

Canola is sown early in ripe, warmed and not over-densified soil. The optimum sowing time is the sowing of early spring grain (spring barley). On light mineral soils in the southern regions of the republic, sowing is carried out when the soil warms up to 5 °C in the first to second decade of April; in the central regions – in the second to third decade of April, in the northern regions – in late April to early May. The sowing of canolaseed on light mineral soils must be completed by the end of April, on heavy and peat soils 10 days later. The duration of sowing, when the soil is ripe, is no more than 5 days. Conditioned seeds are used for sowing.

It is not allowed to sow seeds, very small, underdeveloped, with the presence of quarantine weeds, pests and diseases.

The seed rate depends on the soil culture and the biological characteristics of the variety:

– for low-growing varieties it is 1.5-1.8, for high-growing varieties 1.3-1.7 million seeds/hectare;
– 1.0-1.5 million seeds/hectare in seed and in the propagation of promising varieties;
– the sowing rate can be reduced on fertile and well-cultivated soils, on less fertile and late sowing times, in drought-prone areas the upper limit of sowing is used.

The optimum plant density during the germination period should be 90-140 plants/m2 depending on the soil fertility and the level of nitrogen supply, which corresponds to the sowing rate of 6-8 kilograms/hectare. Compliance with sowing control standards should be checked during the sowing process: sow the exact amount of weighed seeds in the seeder, measure the area and count the actual sowing rate from the difference between the weighed and remaining seeds in the seeder. The method of sowing is a solid soldier with a row spacing of 12.5-15 centimeters. Combined units with active working elements and pneumatic seed drills are used. Sowing depth:

– on cohesive soils – 1.0-1.5 centimeters;
– loam – 1.5-2.0 centimeters;
– on lighter soils – 2.0 to 2.5 centimeters.

Pest and disease control

Spring canola is damaged by the same diseases as winter, but due to a short vegetation period they do not damage it as much. For spring canola, cruciferous fleas (germination phase), canola aphids, latent aphids, canola sawflies and aphids are the most significant damage among the pests. Insecticides registered in the State Register of Pesticides and Fertilizers Approved for Use in the Republic of Belarus are used to control pests.

If no treatment against canolaseed flowers is carried out on spring canolaseed, crop losses amount to 30-70%. The plants are processed with sprayers – Berthud Boxer, Rau, Rall, Jecto. The amount of working fluid is 200-300 liters / hectare, when changing pesticides, the device must be washed. The specified flow rate of the working fluid must not change, the sprayers and filters are checked and cleaned regularly during the shift.

Chemical processing of canola during the flowering period takes place after the end of the bee summer. The most common diseases in spring canola crops are: alternariosis, peronosporosis, black leg, sclerotiniosis, gray rot and fusariosis. The use of fungicides registered in the State Register of Protective Agents and Fertilizers is recommended against them.

Harvesting

To reduce the loss of canolaseed oil seeds during ripening and during harvesting, film-forming preparations are sprayed 3-4 weeks before harvesting: new Film-17 with a consumption of 0.7-1.0 liters / hectare, Gripil – 1.0-1.3 liters / hectare, which prevents cracking of the pods and promotes the preservation of the crop (4.1-9.6 centners / hectare or 18.6-36.1%).

Signs of optimal harvest time are the coloration and moisture of the seeds in the pod or technological ripening (chlorophyll content is less than 25 milligrams / kilogram of seeds) at a seed moisture content of 15% or less and the ripening of 70% of the pods.

Separate cleaning is used for excessive clogging with perennial weeds, uneven ripening, pest control and diseases. Seeds that are harvested separately do not require additional drying and can be transported immediately from the field to the collection points. Optimal would be separate harvesting – stalk canolaseed acquire dark yellow color, the lower leaves have fallen off, the lower pods of the branches lemon yellow, the seeds in them brown or black, when rubbing do not break into two halves, the moisture of the seeds in the pods – 25-30%. The height of the cut is maximum high – 30-35 centimeters, but not higher than the first lateral branch. The rollers dry out for 5-7 days, the seeds ripen in pods and their humidity drops to 10-12%. The rollers are collected and crushed by combine harvesters equipped with pickers.

Harvesting is started directly by picking with the full ripening of the seeds on clean, non-lying and evenly ripened plants. The optimum harvest time is the main stem is yellow-green, the upper and lower branches are yellow, there are no leaves. The color of the pods on the upper branches is yellow, the seeds have acquired a characteristic dark color, their humidity does not exceed 18-20%. Full ripening of seeds occurs 10-15 days after the onset of technical ripeness. To dry canolaseed plants at the root to ensure faster and more uniform ripening of seeds, as well as to kill wheatgrass and other weeds during their intensive growth period, drying of plants is carried out. During direct mowing, the combine must be moved slightly backwards and upwards to reduce the number of destructible pods to prevent the beveled stems from falling and being lost in the course of the combine. It is mandatory to use a rapier table. The rotation speed of the chainsaw must match or slightly exceed the forward speed of the sweeper, but not by more than 1.05 times. The cutting height for direct mowing is 30-40% of the average plant height, but not higher than the first lateral branch.